Istics of control and patient subjects are shown in Table 1. Tert-butyl 2-(chloromethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate Diastolic blood pressure, left atrial (LA) diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were found to be significantly different in the patient group than the control group. In fact, left atrial enlargement as understood from the LA diameter is most common in patients with chronic Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis. Patients and control subjects were age and sex matched. As shown in Table 2, 66 of the patients recruited in the study had history of rheumatic fever in childhood and 34 had atrial fibrillation. 46 of the patients belonged to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I, 31 belonged to class II, 17 in class III and the remaining 6 in class IV. Drugs administered to patients in the study are shown (Table 3). Around 2 of the patients were taking diuretics, 71 digoxin, 31 aldactone, around 6 ACE inhibitors and 20 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15139768 were taking beta blockers. Almost 51 of the patients were under anticoagulant (warfarin) therapy. All patients included in the study were under rigorous penicillin prophylaxis to prevent recurrent episodes of Acute Rheumatic Fever.Proteomics findingscontrol and patient groups (Figure 2A). However 23 proteins were unique to the control group and 24 proteins to the patient group. Among the proteins identified in this comparative proteomics study, 34 proteins were found to be differentially abundant. Immunoglobulin heavy chains like , and light chains and were significantly downregulated (i. e.; abundance of these protein species were Boc-D-Lys-OH higher in controls than patients) in Mitral Stenosis group. Complement proteins like C3, C4A, isoform 2 of complement C4A, C4B, complement C4b binding protein chain, complement factor B, complement factor H were also found to be significantly downregulated in the patient group. Other proteins like -1-acid glycoprotein I, -2macroglobulin, -2-HS-glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, -1antitrypsin, 4-d][1 -1-antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin, haptoglobin related protein were all downregulated. Among the apolipoproteins, Apo AI and Apo CIII were significantly downregulated (2.1-fold and 2.5-fold respectively) in patients. Also, isoform 2 of fibrinogen chain, fibrinogen chain as well as isoform A of fibrinogen chain were significantly downregulated by 1.9-fold, 2.5-fold and 2.7- fold respectively in the patient PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7780048 group (Table 4).Functional annotation of profiled proteinsFor analyzing crude and pre-fractionated plasma, stenotic and non-stenotic plasma samples were selected for proteomic analysis by nanoLC-MSE. This led to the identification of 130 proteins covering a range of molecular masses spanning 9?92 kDa and a pI range covering 4.4-9.8 (see Additional file 1 and Additional file 2). All these proteins were identified in at least two of the three technical replicates with two or more peptides matched. A total of 106 proteins were identified in pooled samples of the control group and 107 proteins in pooled samples of the patient group respectively. Of these, 83 were common to bothThe 83 proteins common to both the groups and the 34 proteins found to be differentially altered were classified by functional annotation. In both cases, the majority of proteins could be classified into 4 different functional categories directly associated with important biological processes in the cardiovascular system: Inflammation and Immune response; Blood homeostasis and coagulation; Lipid Metabolism; Transport and Others (Figure 2B and 2C). These functional catego.