Ulcerative colitis is characterized by the formation of inflammatory sores and ulcers across the digestive tract. Depending on the type of disease, these ulcers can affect one or more parts of the ascending and descending colon. Currently, 900,000 people in the U.S. suffer from ulcerative colitis. While ulcerative colitis clinical trials are still trying to understand the condition closely, some of its causes and treatments are mentioned below.
How does ulcerative colitis work?
Alongside Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis is one of the most common types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. It begins as an autoimmune response, during which, the body mistakes its cells and gut bacteria as intruders. Therefore, it attacks the lining of the colon, resulting in uncomfortable symptoms like ulcers and cramps. This inflammation can disrupt the normal function of the colon. Hence, it is important to address the condition promptly to avoid severe complications in the future.
Who is more likely to be affected by it?
While ulcerative colitis may affect people of all ages and descents, some people are more prone to developing it. For example, it is more prominent in people aged 15 to 30. While in older age groups, it affects more people of ages 50 to 70. Moreover, there are more cases reported in white people, mostly Jewish, as compared to other races. Individuals with a close family member, such as a parent, sibling, or child, diagnosed with ulcerative colitis may face an increased risk.
Causes of ulcerative colitis
Apart from genetics, family history, and immunity disorders, there are some other factors that might increase the possibility of ulcerative colitis. Some studies suggest that diet, stress, and exposure to certain infections might increase the risk of UC. However, none of these are considered direct causes of the disease. For instance, while high-fat diets and stress can worsen the condition, they are not believed to be the root cause.
Furthermore, the gut is home to trillions of bacteria. Researchers have found that people with UC often have an imbalance in their gut microbiome. This imbalance can trigger the immune system to overreact, leading to inflammation. Interestingly, smoking has also been found to be a protective factor against UC.
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis
The symptoms of this condition keep flaring up and receding in episodes. Additionally, they vary in intensity between individuals. It’s important to recognize when symptoms are escalating so you can seek medical advice before things get out of control. Some of the most regular symptoms are highlighted below:
- Diarrhea – One of the hallmark symptoms of UC is frequent, loose stools, often mixed with blood or mucus. This is because the inflamed tissue in the colon can cause bleeding, leading to bloody stools.
- Abdominal pain and cramping – As the inflammation in the colon intensifies, many people with UC experience pain or cramping in their lower abdomen. This can range from mild discomfort to intense, sharp pain, particularly after eating.
- The urgency to use the bathroom – The inflammation can lead to an overwhelming, sudden urge to have a bowel movement, often with little warning. This can be particularly distressing when you’re in public or away from home.
- Fatigue – Constant inflammation and frequent bathroom trips can take a toll on your energy levels. Many people with UC experience chronic fatigue, making it hard to carry out day-to-day activities.
- Weight loss – Because of the body’s inability to absorb nutrients properly during flare-ups, weight loss is common among those with UC. This is often worsened by a reduced appetite due to pain and discomfort.
- Fever – In some cases, the body may develop a low-grade fever, often during active flare-ups, as it tries to fight the ongoing inflammation.
- Rectal bleeding – UC can cause bleeding in the colon, which may lead to blood in the stool. This is a common symptom, and while it can be alarming, it’s an important sign that your disease may be active.
Diagnosis of ulcerative colitis
Typically, diagnosis of ulcerative colitis takes place as a combination of multiple tests. Your doctor will start with a thorough medical history and physical exam to rule out other conditions. Blood tests can check for anemia and inflammation, while stool tests help identify infections or abnormal blood. The most definitive test is endoscopy, which includes colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, allowing doctors to directly view the colon and take biopsies. Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs may also be used to assess the extent of the disease and help guide treatment.
Treatment of ulcerative colitis
Presently, there is no single dependable treatment method for ulcerative colitis. However, there are options for managing symptoms, controlling inflammation, and maintaining remission.
Medicines
Medications are the primary approach. Amino salicylates are commonly used to reduce inflammation in mild to moderate cases. For more severe flare-ups, corticosteroids can be effective, though they are not recommended for long-term use due to side effects.
Immunosuppressants suppress the immune system to prevent further damage. Whereas biological therapies target specific immune proteins to control inflammation. Essentially, they prove beneficial in moderate to severe cases, often when other treatments fail.
Diet
In addition to medications, dietary changes can play a role in managing symptoms. A low-fiber or low-residue diet may ease flare-ups, while avoiding foods that trigger symptoms, such as high-fat or dairy products, can help. Some patients also benefit from probiotics to support gut health.
Surgery
For those who do not respond to medications, surgery may be considered. The most common procedure is a colectomy, which involves removing the colon and can provide long-term relief, though it requires careful recovery and may involve the creation of a pouch for waste collection.
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Conclusion
In summary, although it may be a chronic condition, treatment of ulcerative colitis is possible. Some strategies help alleviate symptoms and enhance quality of life. If you suspect you may have UC, it is advisable to reach out to a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment approach. Prioritizing your gut health and taking proactive measures are key to effectively managing this condition.
